革命人物 / Revolutionary figure

孫中山

Sun Yat-sen

1912年中華民國臨時大總統;1919–1925年中國國民黨總理

領域:政治人物

繁體中文

孫中山(1866–1925),名文,字德明,號逸仙,1866年11月12日生於廣東香山縣翠亨村。他十二歲隨母到檀香山接受西式教育,1883年返國後到香港入讀拔萃書室,1884年4月轉入中央書院(皇仁書院前身),同年5月4日由公理宗傳教士喜嘉理牧師施洗成為基督徒。1887年10月,由何啟等華人與西人支持的香港華人西醫書院成立,附設於雅麗氏利濟醫院,他是首屆學生,1892年7月21日以「最優異」成績畢業,與江英華同為香港培訓的第一批華人西醫;求學期間他常與陳少白、尢列、楊鶴齡議論時政、抨擊朝廷,四人被時人譏為「四大寇」,卻成為日後革命運動的核心班底。他畢業後一度在澳門鏡湖醫院及廣州行醫,以醫術結交地方人士與會黨,暗中為革命鋪路。1894年11月他在檀香山創立興中會,1895年香港興中會總會成立,在中環士丹頓街以商號「乾亨行」作掩飾,由楊衢雲任會長、他任秘書。同年10月26日乙未廣州起義失敗,陸皓東等被捕就義,他與楊衢雲被通緝,香港政府更在清廷壓力下頒令二人五年內不准入境。1896年他在倫敦被清廷使館綁架,經康德黎營救獲釋,事件令他聲名大噪。1900年他策動惠州起義,1905年在東京創立中國同盟會並任總理,先後發動多次起義;這些起義雖屢遭失敗,卻動搖了清廷統治,並在全國凝聚起反清力量。1911年10月10日武昌起義成功,他於1912年1月1日在南京就任中華民國臨時大總統,同年4月讓位與袁世凱;此後他經歷二次革命與護法運動,1919年改組中華革命黨為中國國民黨。他晚年主張聯俄、容共、扶助農工,並改組國民黨以容納共產黨人,這一取向成為其後中國政局的重要伏線;他又以三民主義、五權憲法勾勒建國藍圖。1923年2月20日他應邀重返母校,在香港大學本部大樓陸佑堂以英語演講,講題為「我何以成為革命者」,坦言「香港與香港大學乃我知識之誕生地」,並稱其革命思想「完全得之於香港」。1924年他創辦黃埔軍校,1925年3月12日在北京協和醫院病逝,享年五十八歲。他一生推翻帝制、建立共和,留下《三民主義》演講與《建國方略》等著作,其革命與建國理念深刻影響其後中國政局;他逝世後,全國各地舉行追悼活動,香山縣改名中山縣以作紀念,1929年他安葬於南京中山陵。中華民國成立後,他被尊為「國父」,其肖像與遺訓長期見於官方與民間場合,成為近代中國最具象徵意義的政治人物之一;其革命與建國理念亦持續影響兩岸的歷史論述。

English

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), born Sun Wen in Cuiheng village, Xiangshan county, Guangdong, went to Hawaii at twelve for a Western education; returning in 1883 he entered the Diocesan Home (forerunner of Diocesan Boys' School) in Hong Kong, transferred to the Central School (later Queen's College) in April 1884 and was baptised by the American Congregational missionary Charles Hager on 4 May 1884. When the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, backed by Ho Kai and others and attached to the Alice Memorial Hospital, opened in October 1887 he was in its first intake, graduating with distinction on 21 July 1892 together with Kong Ying-wat — the college's first graduates and Hong Kong's first locally trained Chinese doctors. As a student he debated politics and attacked the Qing court with Chan Siu-bak, Yau Lit and Yeung Hok-ling, a group mockingly called the 'Four Bandits' who nevertheless became the core of his later revolutionary movement. In November 1894 he founded the Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui) in Honolulu; in 1895 its Hong Kong headquarters opened, fronted by the 'Kon Hang Hong' shop on Staunton Street, with Yeung Ku-wan as president and Sun as secretary. The Guangzhou uprising of 26 October 1895 failed, Luk Ho-tung and others were executed, and under Qing pressure Hong Kong barred both leaders from entering for five years. Kidnapped by the Qing legation in London in 1896 and freed through James Cantlie's intervention, he became internationally known. He directed the Huizhou uprising in 1900 and founded the Chinese United League in Tokyo in 1905 as its premier, launching a series of uprisings before the Wuchang revolt of 10 October 1911 succeeded. Sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China in Nanjing on 1 January 1912, he stepped down for Yuan Shikai that April; after the second revolution and the constitutional protection movement he reorganised the party as the Kuomintang in 1919. On 20 February 1923 he returned to his alma mater and, addressing an audience in English in the Great Hall (now Loke Yew Hall) of the University of Hong Kong under the title 'Why I Became a Revolutionist?', said that Hong Kong and the university were his intellectual birthplace and that his revolutionary thinking came entirely from Hong Kong. He founded the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 and died in Beijing on 12 March 1925, aged 58. After his death Xiangshan county was renamed Zhongshan in his memory, and he was interred in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing in 1929.

人物小檔 Profile

職業Occupation

革命家、政治家、醫生

年期Active period

1912年中華民國臨時大總統;1919–1925年中國國民黨總理

代表作Notable works

領導辛亥革命、創立中華民國、首任臨時大總統(1912)

獎項及榮譽Awards & honours

香港大學名譽法學博士(1923)

資料整理日期 / Compiled: 2026-09-13

權威檔 Authority record

一個人一個穩定代號(slug)同呢幾項別名,跨頁統一引用;外連指向同一人物的權威出處。

  • 孫文 / Sun Wen · name

    本名

  • 孫德明 / Sun Deming · name

    字

  • 孫逸仙 / Sun Yixian · variant

    號

  • 中山樵 · variant

    旅日化名

同一權威識別:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8573

主要成就 Key Achievements

1892

以第一名畢業於香港華人西醫書院,為該校首屆畢業生

Graduated top of the first class of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese

1894

在檀香山創立興中會

Founded the Revive China Society in Honolulu

1912

在南京就任中華民國臨時大總統

Was sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China in Nanjing

影響與傳承 Impact & Legacy

繁體中文

孫中山在香港接受西醫教育並孕育革命思想,先後創立興中會、同盟會,領導辛亥革命推翻帝制,1912年就任中華民國臨時大總統,是近代中國革命的奠基者。他在香港的求學、結社與起義籌劃,使這座城市成為革命運動早期的重要基地。晚年他重返港大演講,稱香港為其思想誕生地,這份連結亦被視為香港歷史的重要一頁。1925年他病逝於北京,1929年歸葬南京中山陵。

English

Sun Yat-sen trained in Western medicine in Hong Kong and formed his revolutionary ideas there, going on to found the Revive China Society and the Chinese United League and to lead the 1911 revolution that ended imperial rule. As Provisional President of the Republic of China in 1912 he stood at the founding of modern China. Hong Kong served as an early base for his study, political circles and uprising planning, and he later called the city the birthplace of his thinking during his 1923 address at the University of Hong Kong. He died in Beijing in 1925 and was laid to rest in Nanjing in 1929.

相關歷史事件 Related historical events

1911年

香港大學成立

1887 年成立的香港華人西醫書院(孫中山為首兩名學生之一)於 1911 年擴展為香港大學。

The College of Medicine for the Chinese (1887), with Sun Yat-sen among its first two students, developed into the University of Hong Kong in 1911.

來源:《香港年報2021》第二十二章:歷史

2006年

孫中山紀念館對外開放

孫中山紀念館:於 2006 年對外開放,館址為中環半山甘棠第,闡述孫中山生平及香港在維新與革命運動中的角色。

Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum: opened to the public in 2006 at Kom Tong Hall, presenting Sun’s life and Hong Kong’s role in reform and revolutionary movements.

來源:孫中山紀念館:關於我們

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