Chronicle Archive / 志錄
Hong Kong Chronicle Archive · undated entries
以下條目原文冇西曆年份（例如只記年號或朝代），故不列入時間軸，但同樣有官方來源同頁碼。 未繫年條目共 7718 條，每頁 200 條，呢度係第 25 / 39 頁。
These entries carry no Gregorian year in the source (e.g. only an era name), so they sit outside the timeline — but each still has an official source and page number. There are 7718 of them, 200 per page; this is page 25 of 39.
逐年條目見 志錄索引；志錄總數 36501 條。 Dated entries live in the archive index; the archive holds 36501 entries in total.
Undated entries, page 25
引用每條都可以引用：按條目下面嘅「引用呢條」，可以揀中文腳註／中文參考書目／APA／Chicago 四種格式並複製。 書名、出版者、年份同頁碼一律由已登記來源同生成檔派生，頁面一條都唔會手寫；年份取來源登記嘅出版年， 來源未登記出版年嘅，引文改用查閱日期並寫明。
Every entry is citable. Press “Cite this entry” for a Chinese footnote, Chinese bibliography, APA or Chicago note — all derived from the registered source and the generated archive, never hand-written. If a registered source has no publication year, the citation prints the access date and says so.
《香港志·自然》自然環境 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然環境（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事） Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events)
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事），2020，頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute (2020). Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events) (p. 〈頁碼〉). /chronicle/archive/undated/25#〈條目編號〉
Substitute the entry’s page number and ID (shown as 〈頁碼〉／〈條目編號〉) into the pattern above. The same templates, plus rules and limits, are in the citation block of /api/v1/archive.json.
The discovery of these fossils indicates that the rock strata around Tolo Channel were formed during the Jurassic, differing from the Precambrian or Early Palaeozoic ages previously determined by geological researchers.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.226
During this period, sea levels rose, and the depositional environment changed from a continental margin to marine deposition.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.91
The igneous rocks in this area are mainly tuff containing crystalline fragments, and the distribution of their outcrops is controlled by faults.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.191
The sedimentary rock layers in this area are about 300 meters thick and lie beneath the volcanic rocks of Ma On Shan and Ngau Ngak Shan.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.93
The outcrops in this area are distributed over a length of about 5 km and a width of about 1 km.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.95
This area is home to several bird species found only in the subtropical forests of the eastern Himalayan mountain system.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.350
The amount of graphite in this graphite schist has reached a minable level.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.95
This book contains 1,050 plant drawings and 2,241 colour photographs.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.491
In addition, studies have also investigated the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides on the activity of the human gut microbiota.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.556
This wave monitoring programme established two monitoring stations in the waters around Kau Yi Chau and the West Lamma Channel.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.495
This centre assists Tai Long Village in firefly conservation work, mainly targeting the protection of female glow-worms, while also carrying out restoration of the yellow-rimmed firefly.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.477
This work provides the most detailed account of Hong Kong palaeontology to date.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.230
The changes in the minor elements manganese and magnesium during soil formation are not obvious.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.198
The sea urchin Diadema setosum is common along the eastern and northeastern coasts of Hong Kong and feeds on seaweeds, corals and algae on corals.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.429
Alsophila spinulosa, Alsophila denticulata and Alsophila podophylla, together with Cibotium barometz, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brainea insignis and Angiopteris fokiensis, seven species in total, are listed in the National List of Key Protected Wild Plants (Category II).
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.476
Cyathea podophylla is included in two plant lists.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.476
引用名稱作品 《中國植物紅皮書》（the China Red Data Book of Plants）、作品 《廣東珍稀瀕危植物圖譜》（the Illustrated Handbook of Rare and Endangered Plants of Guangdong）
Cyathea podophylla is an ancient relict plant whose fossils have been found in Jurassic strata.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.476
Cyathea podophylla has become an endangered species due to destruction of forest habitat and artificial felling.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.476
From tissues of mature, healthy Kandelia obovata plants, researchers can often isolate four spore-producing endophytic fungi, namely Phomopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Sphaerulina and Xylaria.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.536
From the bedding features of the rocks, synclines and anticlines caused by crustal movement can be observed.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
Coarse dacite transitional from dacite to rhyolite is found at the base of the Tai Miu Wan Member of the Clear Water Bay Formation, with the unit reaching a thickness of 150 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.157
The Tai Om Fung Shui Wood lies east of Tai Om Village in Lam Tsuen, Tai Po, and is a typical rural fung shui wood of South China, with 170 plant species recorded.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.128
Polygonal desiccation cracks are commonly present in the strata of the Tai O Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.98
The sandstone grains of the Tai O Formation are generally of medium to coarse grade, mainly grey and red in colour, and turn yellowish brown after weathering.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.97
The Fung Yuen Nature and Cultural Education Centre was built at Fung Yuen in Tai Po, and through planting and management measures, the local butterfly species record has increased to more than 200 species.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.171
On A Chau in Tai Po Hoi there is a Late Permian plant fossil stratum of Hong Kong, dominated by the Gigantopteris flora with more than ten species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.140
The Tai Po Sea Formation can be divided into two lithological members: the lower member consists mainly of calcareous siltstone, mudstone and sandstone, while the upper member is composed of thick-bedded quartz sandstone and conglomerate.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
Rocks of the Tai Po Hoi Formation can also be found on A Chau adjacent to Ma Shi Chau.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
The Tai Po Sea Formation consists mainly of sandstone, mudstone and calcareous siltstone.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
The Tai Po granodiorite is distributed in the Sheung Tong and Lin Fa Shan areas, was formed about 160 to 165 million years ago, and belongs to the granodiorite class of rocks.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.119
The Tai Po granodiorite, dated by the K/Ar method, has an age of 134±2 million years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.162
The Tai Po granodiorite has been dated by the U/Pb method at 164.6±0.2 million years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.162
The Tai Po Kau plot has now been included as a ForestGEO (Forest Global Earth Observatory) collaborating plot, one of 76 such plots in the network.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.160
Three species, Peziza praetervisa, Peziza javanica and Sarcoscypha coccinea, have been recorded in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.542
引用名稱學名 Galiella javanica、學名 Sarcoscypha coccinea
The secondary forests in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve and Shing Mun Country Park have undergone succession for over 60 years, and when the two areas are connected, they form the largest contiguous secondary woodland in Hong Kong at present.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.253
Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve is located in central New Territories, with low-altitude hills, dense forest and several streams.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.467
Because the original mudflat and gravel at Lung Mei in Tai Po were removed for the artificial beach, the estuarine environment has undergone significant change.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.284
Between Sha Lo Tung and Hok Tau Reservoir in Tai Po there is a highland wetland at a height of about 240 metres, now protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.50
The Ng Tung Chai waterfall group in Tai Po is located on the northwestern foothills of Tai Mo Shan, distributed at elevations of 300 to 500 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.49
There is an egretry in the area of Tai Po Market town centre, adjacent to Kwong Fuk Football Ground and the East Rail station, where egrets roost and breed.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.127
Most seagrass beds are found on soft shores on the seaward side of mangroves, such as Sham Tau and Pak Nai.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.291
Most Hong Kong spiders are carnivorous, preying on agricultural pests, and are regarded as indicator organisms reflecting farmland biodiversity.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.399
Escherichia coli is commonly present in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded animals, and faeces also contain large numbers of these bacteria.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.559
Most of the slope of Tai To Yan facing the Lam Tsuen Valley does not fall within a protected area, and because of the steep terrain it is not easily accessible.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.464
Black to grey tuffaceous mudstone, about 10 to 20 millimetres thick, is exposed on the northern slope of Sunset Peak.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.105
On the north slope of Sunset Peak, bryophyte diversity in Wong Lung Hang is about 35% higher than at Shek Shek Wan on the south slope.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.462
The north slope of Sunset Peak at Wong Lung Hang and the south slope at Shap Shek Wan are at similar elevations, but bryophyte diversity on the north slope is about 35% higher than on the south slope.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.461
Sunset Peak harbours special species such as Amentotaxus argotaenia, Rhodoleia championii and Manglietia.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.123
Sunset Peak is known for its silvergrass, which glows golden at sunset and attracts photography enthusiasts.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.102
Sunset Peak is listed as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports populations of Rhodoleia championii, Fraxinus griffithii and Michelia maudiae.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.506
Tai Ho ranked third with a score of 2.40; its core habitats include natural streams, mangroves, mudflats, farmland, and woodland, and the Romer's tree frog is a species of concern.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.59
The Tai Lam granite has been dated by the Rb/Sr method at 155±6 million years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.162
The Tai Long Wan area is part of the activity range of the High Island Supervolcano 140 million years ago.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.119
The irregular relief of the marble bedrock and the karst caves have brought major engineering problems to the development of the area.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.94
At the northern foot of Tai Mo Shan lies the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, which has recorded 139 species of bryophytes, of which 89 are mosses and 50 are liverworts.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.467
The habitat of the Tai Mo Shan firefly is concentrated on Tai Mo Shan and Sunset Peak, usually occurring at elevations above 600 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.391
The upland shrubland area of Tai Mo Shan contains Camellia granthamiana, Amentotaxus argotaenia and as many as thirty species of orchids.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.123
The stone forest of Tai Mo Shan can form various shapes such as stone beds and stone chambers.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.61
Soil studies on Tai Mo Shan show that available magnesium and cation exchange capacity are both significantly positively correlated with the degree of soil aggregation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.189
The rocks around Tai Mo To Island are mainly silty sandstone intercalated with several layers of graphitic siltstone, assigned stratigraphically to the Mai Po Member of the Lok Ma Chau Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.95
Drill holes from multiple submarine engineering projects in Mirs Bay revealed the Chek Chau Formation, estimated to have a total thickness exceeding 1,200 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.108
Channels trending southeast-northwest are distributed on the western side of Mirs Bay.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The gravel in the Tai Shek Mo section accounts for about 40% to 60% of the rock, with diameters of about 5 mm to 30 mm.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
The Tai Shek Mo Member consists mainly of grey to greyish-white fine-grained sandstone with minor conglomerate interbeds.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
The absolute age of the rock measured in the Tai Tan Hoi Formation is 142.8 million years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.106
Tai Tam Harbour is the only location on Hong Kong Island with mangrove distribution.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.123
Tai Tam Country Park (Quarry Bay Extension) covers the area around Mount Parker and Mount Butler, and the summit of Mount Parker is 532 metres high.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.105
The greenhouse at the Tai Tong Nursery is equipped with automatic watering and temperature-humidity control systems, and there is a seed storage facility.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.514
Rhyolite of the Mang Kung Uk Formation, with autobrecciated texture, outcrops near Tai Mong Tsai and Clear Water Bay.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.161
The core area of the Brothers Marine Park aims to improve the marine environment and enhance marine and fisheries resources for Chinese white dolphins to feed and inhabit.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Brothers Marine Park has a core area of about 80 hectares in which all fishing activities are prohibited.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Ninepin Group Marine Park has yellow light buoys marking its boundary.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Brothers Marine Park has two anchoring areas, occupying about 73 hectares and about 36 hectares.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Ninepin Group Coastal Park is the second coastal park, after Tung Ping Chau, to have a core area.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Brothers Marine Park covers about 970 hectares of sea area and is located north of Lantau Island.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The Tung Chung Formation in northern Lantau may contain Middle Pleistocene pollen.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The waters north of Lantau Island have low salinity, contain more nutrients, and are also more turbid.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
Lantau Island has 63 species of rare dicotyledons, accounting for 28.9%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.510
Lantau Peak and Sunset Peak on Lantau Island also have abundant ferns.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.472
Sixteen rare fern species were recorded on Lantau Peak and Sunset Peak on Lantau Island, accounting for 16.7% of the total.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.475
Granite from Lantau Island has been dated by the U/Pb method to 160.9±1.1 million years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.162
The rhyolitic layers of the Lantau Volcanic Group are found on the southern and eastern sides of Sunset Peak, as well as on Yi Tung Shan and Lin Fa Shan, often intercalated between thinner siltstone or fine-grained sandstone.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.161
The strata of the Lantau volcanic group lie conformably above the volcanic rocks of the Yim Tin Tsai Formation and the Shing Mun Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.104
Early Cretaceous Repulse Bay Group fern fossils are found at Shek Pik, Ngong Ping, Lung Tsai Ng Yuen, Man Cheung Po and Sunset Peak on Lantau Island.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.142
The offshore waters south of Lantau lack shelter from outlying islands and have frequent shipping traffic, so Shek Pik and Chi Ma Wan experience strong waves.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.500
The topmost volcaniclastic rocks of the Lantau group are called the Lai Chi Chong Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.105
Mangroves are distributed at Shui Hau, Pui O, Tung Chung, San Tau, Sham Wat and Tai O on Lantau.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.501
Layered tuffaceous sedimentary rock with a thickness of 300 metres is exposed at Pak Kok in southwest Lantau.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.104
The Lantau dyke swarm is the largest dyke swarm by volume within Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The Lantau dyke swarm is mainly distributed in northern Lantau, trending east-northeast to west-southwest.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The Lantau dyke swarm formed about 146 to 148 million years ago through the injection of magma from below ground.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.113
Lantau Island has 93 species, accounting for 23.1% of Hong Kong's total rare dicotyledonous plants.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.501
Gymnosperm fossils have been found on Lantau Island and at Cheung Sheung in Sai Kung, with geological ages ranging from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.143
Lantau Island's barrier causes the Pearl River to affect its north and south differently, with the north more influenced by flood discharge and sediment.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
Among monocotyledons, Araceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae are the five families with the highest number of species in Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.453
Basidiomycete macrofungi comprise 14 orders, 68 families and 477 species, among which the Agaricales is the largest with 27 families and 265 species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.541
Dominant families of Basidiomycota include Agaricaceae with 11 genera and 45 species, Boletaceae with 18 genera and 35 species, Polyporaceae with 17 genera and 34 species, Amanitaceae with 2 genera and 25 species, and Russulaceae with 3 genera and 23 species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.541
The two nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus are generally low in Hong Kong soils, while the level of potassium depends mainly on the nature of the parent rock.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.204
The local strata can be divided into two parts: the lower part consists of greyish-white sandstone and breccia, while the upper part is dominated by fine-grained quartzitic and clayey sandstone with intercalated lenticular conglomerate.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.92
The local rock formations are mainly composed of metamorphic conglomerate and pebbly metamorphic sandstone.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.96
When the tide rises, horseshoe crabs hide in the mud and sand to avoid predators; only after the tide recedes do they emerge again to search for food.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.401
The authorities have included areas of key importance to Romer's tree frog, such as southern Lamma Island and southern Po Toi Island, in the planning scope of conservation areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.170
After the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Plate collided, the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan emerged as submarine rock strata were pushed upward.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.82
When October arrives and temperatures fall in the north, danaine butterflies migrate south in groups to seek warmer places to pass the winter, returning north only in February and March of the following year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.249
At that time, volcanoes were widespread across South China, and eruptions were mainly violent in form.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.86
The docent introduces coastal plants, birds, and insects along the way.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.477
By the Late Cretaceous, magmatic activity ceased and the crust entered an extensional phase.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.86
By the mid-twentieth century, the South China tiger, leopard and dhole could no longer be found in Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.371
By the end of the 19th century, almost all of Hong Kong Island had been planted with trees.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.65
Geological ages are mostly measured in millions of years; the Precambrian extends from 4,500 million years ago until 542 million years ago.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.83
The Cenozoic Era of the geological time scale extends from 65 million years ago to the present.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.83
Geological maps show major structures such as folds, faults and dykes, as well as the orientation of strata, faults and joints.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.229
Geologists first confirmed the existence of Jurassic marine sedimentary rocks in the Hong Kong region.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.97
Geologically the Precambrian is divided into two stages, with the boundary set at 2,500 million years ago, the earlier called the Archaean and the later the Proterozoic.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.83
After the end of the Second World War, afforestation activities became active again, and several patches of planted coniferous forest were re-established in many places on Hong Kong Island and in the New Territories.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.483
In the early period after the end of the Second World War, the Hong Kong government planted Taiwan acacia on a large scale to improve the soil.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.516
After the end of the Second World War, several scholars from Britain began survey work on Hong Kong's soils and agriculture.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.175
In the final stage of World War II, the Hong Kong government carried out extensive afforestation works to restore the severely damaged natural environment.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.25
In the second phase, the focus of back-arc volcanic activity shifted southwestward, and the volcanic rocks are distributed along a northeast–southwest trend.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.168
The second stage formed a series of dyke swarms in central Lantau, mainly rhyolite and porphyritic rhyolite.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.168
The third phase of back-arc volcanic activity migrated southeastwards, producing two calderas at Hong Kong Island and Tai Tan in Sai Kung.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.168
During the third phase of volcanic activity, at least two calderas formed in Hong Kong, on Hong Kong Island and at Tai Tan Sea in Sai Kung.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.191
The Quaternary comprises the Pleistocene and Holocene, subdivided by glacial and interglacial periods.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.111
The Quaternary began 2.58 million years ago and continues to the present, and is the shortest-lasting geological period in Earth's history.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.111
During the First World War, the Hong Kong government introduced the rhesus macaque locally in order to eat the poisonous strychnine tree in the Kowloon Reservoir catchment area.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.493
The first phase of volcanic activity formed the volcaniclastic rocks of the Tai Mo Shan Formation, after which lava flows formed the lavas of the Sai Lau Kong Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.168
The survey found that most of the above soils were insufficiently fertile.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.180
Surveys show that forest quadrats contain an average of 18.4 species of bryophytes, making it the most species-rich habitat.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.462
The survey also indicated that the organic nitrogen in Hong Kong's urban soils is 2,000 mg per kg, lower than that of typical tropical soils.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.204
Cooksonia or Rhynia? is the earliest known fern plant to appear on land.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.467
The climax community in Dinghushan National Nature Reserve is mainly composed of Cryptocarya chinensis, Cryptocarya concinna, Schima superba and Castanopsis kweichowensis.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.251
During winter, brown algae grow abundantly in slower-flowing waters, providing feeding and sheltering grounds for juvenile fish of the families Priacanthidae, Apogonidae and Fistulariidae.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.318
In winter, gei wai operators drain the pond water, collect the larger fish and remove juvenile fish so that waterbirds can feed.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.140
In winter, the difference between surface and bottom seawater is relatively small in the central transitional waters.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
Ilex plants usually bloom between March and May, and their fruits take more than 200 days to mature in winter.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.237
Acrostichum aureum is often found in the abandoned gei wai of villages such as Fung Hang and Kuk Po in Northeast Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.291
The salinity of the seawater in the eastern sea area is about 32 PPT, and the dissolved oxygen content is about 6.4 mg/L.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
The offshore waters of the eastern sea area lack large island barriers, and both swell and wind waves are rather strong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
Due to wave action, the eastern waters have higher dissolved oxygen levels and lower turbidity than the western waters.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.499
The eastern region has 168.6 kilometres of rocky shore, 21.8 kilometres of sandy beach, 6.2 kilometres of mudflat and 16.4 kilometres of mangrove.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.500
The rhyolite dykes in eastern Lantau Island are less than 5 metres wide and were formed later than the rhyolitic dacite dykes.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The rhyolite dykes in eastern Lantau Island are late products that intruded into Sha Tin granite, Tai Lam granite, Yim Tin Tsai Formation volcanic rocks, and earlier rhyolitic dacite dykes.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The rhyolite dykes of eastern Lantau Island formed at a later stage, and their distribution is mainly seen in northern Lantau Island, Ma Wan and Tsing Yi.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The rhyolitic dacite dyke in East Lantau is more than 5 metres wide and was formed earlier than the rhyolite dyke.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
In the rhyolitic dacite dykes of eastern Lantau Island, orthoclase and plagioclase megacrysts ranging from 5 to 20 mm in size are present.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The rhyolitic dacite dykes in eastern Lantau also contain quartz phenocrysts.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.156
The Eastern honey bee is the main pollinator in Hong Kong, becoming active when the temperature rises above 12 degrees Celsius.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.233
Tung Lung Island was formerly called Tung Lung Island (Tung Lung Chau), and the sea cave on the island resembles a navel, hence the name.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.65
The rocks of Tung Lung Chau are mostly welded tuff, and wave erosion has formed various marine erosion landforms.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.65
Tung Lung Island has various sea erosion landforms such as the Belly Button Cave, Hidden Dragon Spitting Pearl, and Blowhole Rock.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.65
The Tung Lung section comprises two separate channels, one located north of Lantau Island and the other within the area of Mirs Bay.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The sediments of the Tung Lung section consist mainly of very fine sand.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.116
The largest channel of the Tung Lung section lies within about 2 km of the Brothers.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The channel floor of the Tung Lung Member shows strong reflections, and the riverbed of this member is also relatively wide.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung section is the oldest part, characterised by channel-fill structures that display progressive fill reflections in cross-section.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung member is composed of alternating layers of rock fragments and clayey silt.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung section in the eastern waters encompasses a broad main channel, with its width extending from 1.5 km in the north to nearly 3 km in the south.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung section shows channel and transgressive sediments on its western side, determined to be fill material of an ancient Pearl River channel.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung section is more widely distributed and complex in the eastern waters.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The Tung Lung member consists mainly of yellowish-brown sandy sediments containing quartz grains of fine to medium size, with sorting ranging from moderate to good.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.117
The sedimentary rock layers of Tung Ping Chau contain secondary minerals, including pyrite, limonite, zeolite and aegirine.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.174
The siltstone of Tung Ping Chau is about 55 million years old.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.119
Most of the angiosperm fossils found on Tung Ping Chau are incomplete fragments, indicating that the plants were not buried in situ.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.144
Fossil insects of the order Blattodea were found on Tung Ping Chau, as forewing and hindwing specimens, incompletely preserved but with clear venation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.130
Abundant angiosperm fossil specimens have been found on Tung Ping Chau, including fossil palm leaves and dicotyledon leaf fossils.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.144
Coleopteran insect fossils found on Tung Ping Chau are relatively well-preserved adult specimens belonging to a new genus and new species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.130
Zeolites in Tung Ping Chau may have formed by replacement of gypsum minerals evaporated from a salt lake.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.188
Over 65 species of seaweed have been recorded in Tung Ping Chau Marine Park, while large amounts of brown, red and green algae grow along the Lung Lok Shui shore.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.111
Over 130 species of coral-associated fish and more than 200 species of marine invertebrates have been recorded in Tung Ping Chau Marine Park.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.111
Tung Ping Chau Marine Park has 65 species of stony corals, over 65 species of seaweeds and 130 species of coral-associated fish.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.136
The Tung Ping Chau Marine Park has designated two core areas within the park, the first marine park to adopt such an arrangement, where fishing is completely prohibited.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.111
Of the 84 species of stony corals recorded in Hong Kong, 65 can be found in the Tung Ping Chau Marine Park.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.111
The sedimentary rocks of the Tung Ping Chau scenic area are the youngest in Hong Kong, formed about 55 million years ago; the area is known for rock appreciation, and the island's coast is composed of thinly bedded rocks.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.35
The Ping Chau Formation on Tung Ping Chau is inferred to be Eocene in age, and its fossils are mostly incomplete, preserved after being transported by water.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.130
The Ping Chau Formation on Tung Ping Chau is the most important biogenic sedimentary formation there, and its stromatolites are composed of fine sand, mud together with algal mats and blue-green algae.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.172
Seed fossils of gymnosperms, known as stone fruits, were found in the Eocene of Tung Ping Chau, oval in shape and 5 millimetres long.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.143
Tung Ping Chau is the main site in Hong Kong where insect fossils have been found, and the local strata belong to the Ping Chau Formation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.129
The goethite found on Tung Ping Chau occurs as pseudomorphs after pyrite.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.184
The rocks of Tung Ping Chau are the most recently formed in Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.119
More than 10 kinds of insect fossils have been found on Tung Ping Chau, covering Coleoptera, Homoptera and Blattodea, many of which belong to new genera and species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.130
Augite from Tung Ping Chau indicates that local sediments were once metamorphosed at about 200 degrees Celsius.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.187
The Tung Ping Chau Formation crops out on Tung Ping Chau and consists mainly of shale, in which stromatolitic structures and cross-bedding can be observed.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.172
The main component of the shale of the Tung Ping Chau Formation is clay minerals, which can account for more than sixty percent.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.174
The Tung Ping Chau Formation and the Lai Chi Chong Formation are both sedimentary strata formed in lacustrine environments.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.170
The Tung Chung River is recognised as a river of high ecological value.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.449
East of Tung Chung New Town are two mountains, Pok To Yan and Po Kek, whose upland areas preserve undisturbed shrubland containing as many as 200 rare plant species.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.127
Reclamation for the Tung Chung new town and the North Lantau Highway has caused some mudflats there to disappear.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.285
The number of Xylocarpus granatum growing around Tung Chung is considerable, while Heritiera littoralis is more widely distributed at Lai Chi Wo.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.287
The sediments of the Tung Chung Formation are sandy silt containing gravel and boulders, filling deep pits or channels in a karst environment.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.113
The sedimentary layers of the Tung Chung Formation show well-developed horizontal bedding, in which the mud layers reach a maximum thickness of several hundred millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The gravel of the Tung Chung Formation ranges from 0.5 metres to 3 metres in size and is round to sub-round in shape.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The gravel of the Tung Chung Formation is mainly completely weathered rhyolite and tuff.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The Tung Chung Formation is a basin deposit; at that time the area contained at least three basins, with diameters of 200 metres, 300 metres and 600 metres respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The Tung Chung Formation is a sedimentary layer lying immediately on top of the weathered bedrock.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The Tung Chung Formation is poorly sorted and contains alternating sandy and silty layers.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
Samples of the Tung Chung Formation show strong seismic reflection characteristics, the sediments are mainly sand and gravel, and the strata are parallel to the bedrock.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The Tung Chung Formation as a whole indicates a Middle Pleistocene age for the sediments.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The Tung Chung Formation is mainly composed of reddish-brown silt and gravel derived from igneous rocks.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.114
The dwarf eelgrass around San Tau in Tung Chung declined greatly during the construction of Chek Lap Kok Airport.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.293
The gas emitted inside the cave is hotter than the outside air, appearing as hot gas eruptions.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.62
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