歷任港督 / Governor

般咸

George Bonham

1848–1854年在任

領域:政治人物

繁體中文

般咸(George Bonham,1803年9月7日–1863年10月8日,又譯文咸、文翰),英國東印度公司及殖民地官員,出生於英格蘭根德郡法弗舍姆。佢早年喺東印度公司任職,長期派駐遠東同海峽一帶,1831年出任檳城副總督,1836年升任第四任海峽殖民地總督,1848年3月接任第三任香港總督。佢任內面對鴉片戰爭後商貿不如預期嘅困局,庫房一度緊絀,於是推行緊縮開支、精簡政府編制,並擴大土地拍賣同差餉收入,令庫房逐步回穩。1850年,佢首次為定例局引入非官守議員議席(大衛·渣甸、約瑟·艾德格),打破以往由總督全權議政嘅慣例;又成功爭取把香港地契年期由七十五年延長至九百九十九年,方便商人投資。1850年代,內地太平天國戰亂加劇,大量華人南來避亂,香港人口同轉口貿易同步增長,華商階層開始壯大;政府亦要調整管治方式,逐步吸納華人社會嘅意見。在位期間,佢亦要處理海盜猖獗同治安問題,並支持改善公共設施,興建道路同碼頭方便商貿往來。任內佢亦要面對英法聯軍前後嘅國際局勢,香港作為轉口港嘅角色逐步確立。1851年12月28日,上環大火焚毀皇后大道以北約四百七十間房屋、三十多人死亡,政府事後檢討街道規劃同防火安排,並以災場瓦礫用於1852年填海,開出上環海旁一帶嘅雛形。1853年4月,佢乘HMS Hermes赴南京同太平天國領袖會談,會談嘅不快促使英國對太平天國採取中立。佢1852年獲封從男爵。般咸道以佢命名,佢1854年離任返英,從男爵爵位由家族承襲,1863年逝世。

English

George Bonham (7 September 1803 – 8 October 1863) served the East India Company and later the colonial service and is rendered in Chinese also as Man Ham or Man Hon. Born in Faversham, Kent, and once posted to Penang, he was the fourth Governor of the Straits Settlements from 1836 to 1843 before taking office as the third Governor of Hong Kong in March 1848. Facing trade well below the hopes of the opium-war years and a strained treasury, he cut expenditure, streamlined the civil establishment and widened land sales and rates revenue, gradually restoring the finances. In 1850 he brought non-official members, David Jardine and Joseph Frost Edger, into the Legislative Council for the first time, breaking the governor's monopoly on counsel, and he secured the extension of Hong Kong land leases from 75 to 999 years to encourage investment. As the Taiping upheaval spread in the 1850s, Chinese immigrants poured in, swelling the population and re-export trade and strengthening the Chinese merchant class. On 28 December 1851 a great fire in Sheung Wan destroyed about 470 houses north of Queen's Road and killed more than thirty people, prompting reviews of street planning and fire safety and supplying rubble for the 1852 reclamation. In April 1853 he sailed to Nanking on HMS Hermes for talks with Taiping leaders, whose sour reception helped push Britain towards neutrality. Created a baronet in 1852, he gave his name to Bonham Road, left office in 1854 and died in 1863.

人物小檔 Profile

職業Occupation

殖民地行政官員、第三任香港總督

年期Active period

1848–1854年在任

代表作Notable works

緊縮財政、土地拍賣開源;處理內地戰亂難民與1851年上環大火

資料整理日期 / Compiled: 2026-09-13

權威檔 Authority record

一個人一個穩定代號(slug)同呢幾項別名,跨頁統一引用;外連指向同一人物的權威出處。

  • Sir George Bonham · name

    全稱

  • 文咸 · variant

    清代文獻譯名

  • 般含 · variant

    異譯

同一權威識別:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535967

主要成就 Key Achievements

1850

首次為定例局(立法局)引入非官守議員議席,並延長香港地契年期至999年。

Brought non-official members into the Legislative Council for the first time and secured the extension of Hong Kong land leases to 999 years.

1851

12月28日上環大火焚毀皇后大道以北約四百七十間房屋,政府事後檢討街道規劃同防火安排。

The Sheung Wan fire of 28 December destroyed about 470 houses north of Queen's Road, leading to reviews of street planning and fire safety.

1853

乘HMS Hermes赴南京與太平天國領袖會談,會談不歡促使英國採取中立。

Sailed to Nanking on HMS Hermes for talks with Taiping leaders, whose reception helped push Britain towards neutrality.

影響與傳承 Impact & Legacy

繁體中文

般咸以緊縮開支同土地收入令香港庫房由赤字回穩,又把外界聲音引入議政,打破總督全權嘅慣例;上環大火後嘅街道規劃檢討,係香港早期城市管理嘅一次轉折,般咸道至今仍以佢命名。

English

Bonham's retrenchment and land revenue steadied Hong Kong's finances, and his admission of outside voices into the legislature broke the governor's monopoly on counsel; the street-planning review after the 1851 Sheung Wan fire was a turning point in the city's early urban management, and Bonham Road still bears his name.

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