繁體中文
楊慕琦（Mark Aitchison Young，1886年6月30日–1974年5月12日）是英國資深殖民地官員，獲英廷冊封為爵士（GCMG、KStJ），生於英屬印度，祖父及父親均為印度公務員。他早年就讀於英國伊頓公學，其後入讀劍橋大學國王學院，1909年加入錫蘭（今斯里蘭卡）公務員隊伍，服務至1928年，其間曾參與第一次世界大戰，並官至錫蘭首席助理輔政司；1928至1930年他出任塞拉利昂輔政司，1930至1933年轉任英屬巴勒斯坦託管地首席秘書，該職為當地政府中僅次於高級專員的職位，負責日常行政。1933年8月至1938年3月，他獲委任為巴巴多斯總督兼總司令，其後於1938至1941年出任坦噶尼喀地區總督，兩段總督任內以推行改革著稱。1941年9月10日，他接任香港第二十一任總督，並兼任駐港英軍總司令。他上任後不久即面對太平洋戰爭，任內曾加強防務及民防準備；惟當時香港駐軍兵力與裝備均處劣勢，他與駐港英軍總司令莫德庇少將竭力部署，最終仍難擋日軍攻勢。同年12月8日日軍進攻香港，經過十八日激戰，他在12月25日「黑色聖誕節」於半島酒店代表香港向日軍無條件投降，香港自此進入三年零八個月的日治時期，他本人則被列為戰俘，自1941年12月起被日軍關押，輾轉囚於香港及內地多處戰俘營，直至1945年8月日本投降後才獲釋，前後近四年，健康亦大受影響。日治期間香港人口由約一百六十萬急降至約六十萬，房屋與工商業俱受重創。1946年5月1日，日治結束後他復任總督，是香港歷史上唯一先後在淪陷前後兩度出任總督的人；立法局於同日復會，他着手重建行政架構並處理糧食、房屋與社會秩序等戰後問題，推行糧食配給、平抑物價、處理失業與治安，恢復文官政府並重建警隊與司法制度，其時人口迅速回升。同年8月，他提出「楊慕琦計劃」，建議以一個較具代表性的市議會取代市政局，議會三分之二民選、三分之一委任，並有半數華人，冀把部分權力交還市民；計劃經諮詢後於1949年無疾而終，1952年更被倫敦正式宣布放棄，其繼任人葛量洪亦不支持有關改革；該計劃的擱置，象徵戰後香港政制改革由擴大民選轉向維持行政主導，影響深遠。1947年5月17日，他任期屆滿退休卸任，由葛量洪接任；卸任後他返回英國，晚年居於英格蘭。1974年5月12日，他在當地逝世，享年八十七歲。他一生服務英國殖民地行政體系逾三十年，足跡橫跨錫蘭、非洲、中東與香港。
English
Mark Aitchison Young (30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974) was a long-serving British colonial administrator and a knight (GCMG, KStJ), born in British India into a family of Indian Civil Service officials. Educated in Britain, he joined the Ceylon civil service in 1909 and served there until 1928, seeing active service in the First World War and rising to Principal Assistant Colonial Secretary of Ceylon; from 1928 to 1930 he was Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone, and from 1930 to 1933 Chief Secretary of the British Mandate of Palestine. From August 1933 to March 1938 he was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Barbados, and from 1938 to 1941 Governor of Tanganyika, both terms noted for reform. On 10 September 1941 he became the colony's 21st Governor, also holding the post of Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Hong Kong. Soon after taking office he faced the Pacific War and strengthened defence and civil-defence preparations. On 8 December Japanese forces invaded Hong Kong; after eighteen days of fighting he surrendered the colony unconditionally to Japan at the Peninsula Hotel on Christmas Day 1941, the Black Christmas, and the territory entered three years and eight months of Japanese occupation while he was held as a prisoner of war, first in Hong Kong and later on the mainland. During that period Hong Kong's population fell from about 1.6 million to about 600,000, and housing and commerce were badly damaged. On 1 May 1946, after the occupation ended, he returned as Governor — the only governor in Hong Kong's history to serve both before the fall of the colony and after its liberation, and to hold the post twice — and the Legislative Council resumed the same day. He set about rebuilding the administration and dealing with post-war problems of food, housing and public order; with the population rebounding quickly, he introduced food rationing, stabilised prices, tackled unemployment and public order, restored civil government and rebuilt the police and the judiciary. In August that year he proposed the Young Plan, which would have replaced the Urban Council with a more representative municipal council — two-thirds elected, one-third appointed, with half its members Chinese — to devolve power to residents; after consultation the plan lapsed in 1949 and was formally abandoned by London in 1952, and his successor Alexander Grantham did not support the reform. His term ended on 17 May 1947 and he retired, succeeded by Grantham; he died on 12 May 1974. Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, he joined the Ceylon civil service in 1909 and rose to Principal Assistant Colonial Secretary. After the fall of Hong Kong he was held as a Japanese prisoner of war from December 1941 until August 1945. He retired to England and died there on 12 May 1974, aged 87.
