歷任港督 / Governor

寶寧

John Bowring

1854–1859年在任

領域:學者與科學家 · 政治人物

繁體中文

寶寧(John Bowring,1792年10月17日—1872年11月23日,又譯寶靈、包令),英國政治經濟學家、語言學家及自由貿易信徒,第四任香港總督。他生於英格蘭埃克塞特,年少時已通曉多種語言,長期研究商業與關稅問題;他曾主編《西敏評論》,是哲學家邊沁的好友及其文集編者,主張自由貿易、反對穀物法,並以經濟及語言學著作在英國政壇建立聲望,其後當選下議院議員,代表博爾頓選區,並獲封爵士。他早年經商,曾多次受英國政府委派往歐洲大陸及近東考察商業與財政,足迹遍及荷蘭、法國、瑞士、意大利、埃及、敘利亞等地,並精通多國語言,據說能操近百種語言,是維多利亞時代著名的語言學者,也是長期關注宗教自由的唯一神教派信徒。1849年他出任英國駐廣州領事及駐華商務總監,1854年4月出任第四任香港總督。任內最重大事件是1856年10月的「亞羅號事件」:廣州當局扣押一艘在香港註冊的華人船隻並拘捕船員,英方以此為由動武,成為第二次鴉片戰爭的導火線,事件令香港一度成為中英衝突的前沿。1855年他出使暹羅,代表英方簽訂《寶寧條約》,打開英暹通商之門。1857年1月香港發生「裕盛辦館毒麵包案」,數百名西人食用摻毒麵包後中毒,社會恐慌,華人居民大量離港。他任內亦推行牌照等規管措施,並處理英法聯軍期間的軍需與治安安排,惟政府與華人社會關係持續緊張。他生前著作甚豐,除語言學外亦涉獵詩歌與政治經濟。他1859年離任返英,1872年於家鄉埃克塞特逝世,終年八十歲。

English

Sir John Bowring (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was a British political economist, linguist and free-trade advocate who served as the fourth Governor of Hong Kong. Born in Exeter, he learned many languages as a youth and long studied commercial and tariff questions. He edited the Westminster Review, was a friend of the philosopher Jeremy Bentham and the editor of his collected works, argued for free trade and against the Corn Laws, and built a reputation through economic and linguistic writings before sitting in the House of Commons. In 1849 he became British consul at Canton and superintendent of trade in China, and in April 1854 was appointed Governor of Hong Kong. The gravest episode of his term was the Arrow incident of October 1856, when Cantonese authorities seized a Chinese-owned vessel registered in Hong Kong and arrested its crew; Britain used the affair as a pretext for force, it became the spark of the Second Opium War, and Hong Kong briefly became a front line of Anglo-Chinese conflict. In 1855 he led a mission to Siam and signed the Bowring Treaty, opening British trade with the kingdom. In January 1857 the poisoned-bread case followed, in which hundreds of Europeans fell ill after eating tainted bread from a bakery, spreading panic and prompting many Chinese residents to leave the colony. His administration also introduced licensing measures and handled the military and policing demands of the Anglo-French expedition, though relations with the Chinese community stayed tense. He left office in 1859 and died in 1872.

人物小檔 Profile

職業Occupation

殖民地行政官員、語言學者、第四任香港總督

年期Active period

1854–1859年在任

代表作Notable works

任內爆發亞羅號事件與毒麵包案;出使暹羅簽訂《寶寧條約》

資料整理日期 / Compiled: 2026-09-13

權威檔 Authority record

一個人一個穩定代號(slug)同呢幾項別名,跨頁統一引用;外連指向同一人物的權威出處。

  • Sir John Bowring · name

    全稱

  • 包令 · variant

    清代文獻譯名

  • 寶靈 · variant

    異譯

同一權威識別:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318189

主要成就 Key Achievements

1854

出任第四任香港總督。

Became the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.

1855

出使暹羅,代表英方簽訂《寶寧條約》。

Led a mission to Siam and signed the Bowring Treaty for Britain.

1856

任內爆發亞羅號事件,成為第二次鴉片戰爭導火線。

The Arrow incident occurred during his term, becoming the spark of the Second Opium War.

影響與傳承 Impact & Legacy

繁體中文

寶寧任內爆發的亞羅號事件與毒麵包案,令香港在1850年代成為中英衝突的前線,也暴露殖民政府與華人社會之間的深層矛盾;他出使暹羅簽訂的《寶寧條約》,則為英國在東南亞打開通商網絡。

English

The Arrow incident and the poisoned-bread case that erupted during Bowring's term made Hong Kong a front line of Anglo-Chinese conflict in the 1850s and exposed the deep tensions between the colonial government and the Chinese community, while the Bowring Treaty he signed with Siam opened up a trading network for Britain in Southeast Asia.

相關地區 Related Places

同類人物 Same category

仲有 5 位同界別人物未列出;睇晒 歷任港督 全部名單 →

資料來源 Sources

← 返回人物目錄

↑