歷任港督 / Governor

麥當奴

Richard Graves MacDonnell

1814–1881

領域:政治人物

繁體中文

麥當奴(Richard Graves MacDonnell,1814年9月3日—1881年),愛爾蘭都柏林人,父親曾任都柏林三一學院校長。他早年在該校受教育,1838年取得大律師資格,其後加入殖民地部,先後在岡比亞任首席法官(1843–1847)及總督(1847–1852),再於聖盧西亞、聖文森特(1852–1853)任職,1855至1862年任南澳洲總督,1864至1865年任加拿大新斯科舍副總督,來港前已累積豐富的管治經驗。1866年3月11日他出任香港第六任總督,上任即遇上環球金融恐慌,市面人心惶惶:香港多間銀行與商號出現擠提,放款及貿易活動明顯收縮,經濟陷入衰退,庫房收入大受打擊,虧蝕多年的香港鑄幣廠終在1868年關閉。為開闢財源,他於1867年推行中式賭博合法化,以發牌方式向賭館收取牌費,惟隨之而來的賭風、貪污與治安問題引起社會強烈不滿,政策在1871年被廢除。任內另一件大事,是支持華人領袖籌建東華醫院;他於1869年批准,醫院1870年成立、1872年正式啟用,由華人總理自行管理,成為華人社會自行處理醫療與慈善事務的基地,也為日後東華三院的規模奠下基礎。他亦鼓勵開發太平山區一帶,並銳意打擊海盜,加強海上巡邏與緝捕。他任內亦處理華人登記、地權同警政等事務,並多次就華人習俗與歐籍居民的矛盾作出裁決。1871年他獲頒KCMG勳銜。1872年他因健康欠佳卸任,由堅尼地接任;離任後他返回英國,晚年居於英格蘭,1881年逝世。

English

Richard Graves MacDonnell (1814-1881) was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of a provost of Trinity College Dublin. Educated there, he was called to the bar in 1838 and then joined the Colonial Office, serving as Chief Justice of the Gambia (1843-1847) and Governor (1847-1852), in St Lucia and St Vincent (1852-1853), as Governor of South Australia (1855-1862) and as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (1864-1865), so that he arrived in Hong Kong with wide governing experience. He became the colony's sixth Governor on 11 March 1866, arriving just as a global financial panic struck: banks and firms faced runs, lending and trade contracted sharply, the economy slid into recession and revenue fell, while the loss-making Hong Kong Mint closed in 1868. To raise money he legalised Chinese gambling in 1867, licensing gambling houses for fees, but the vice, corruption and crime that followed provoked strong opposition and the policy was repealed in 1871. He also backed Chinese community leaders in building the Tung Wah Hospital, which he approved in 1869 and which was founded in 1870 and formally opened in 1872, managed by Chinese directors, becoming the base for Chinese-run medical and charitable work and laying the foundation for the later Tung Wah group of hospitals. He encouraged development on Victoria Peak and pursued pirates vigorously, strengthening sea patrols and arrests, and in office he also handled Chinese registration, land tenure and policing, ruling repeatedly on clashes between Chinese customs and European residents. He was appointed KCMG in 1871, left office in 1872 owing to ill health, was succeeded by Arthur Kennedy, and, after returning to Britain, died in England in 1881.

人物小檔 Profile

職業Occupation

殖民地行政官員、第六任香港總督

年期Active period

1814–1881

代表作Notable works

推行賭博合法化與廢除;支持華人籌建東華醫院

資料整理日期 / Compiled: 2026-09-13

權威檔 Authority record

一個人一個穩定代號(slug)同呢幾項別名,跨頁統一引用;外連指向同一人物的權威出處。

  • Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell · name

    全稱

  • 麥當勞 · variant

    異譯

  • 麥當奴爵士 · variant

    尊稱

同一權威識別:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318168

主要成就 Key Achievements

1866

出任第六任香港總督,上任即遇環球金融恐慌,庫房收入大受打擊

Became the sixth Governor of Hong Kong, taking office amid a global financial panic that hit government revenue

1867

推行中式賭博合法化,以發牌收取牌費;政策1871年被廢除

Legalised Chinese gambling, licensing gambling houses for fees; the policy was repealed in 1871

1870

支持華人領袖籌建東華醫院,醫院於同年成立

Backed Chinese community leaders in building the Tung Wah Hospital, established that year

影響與傳承 Impact & Legacy

繁體中文

麥當奴任內對賭博先放後禁的實驗,成為香港日後處理賭博與治安問題的重要教訓;他支持成立的東華醫院,則開創華人自辦醫療與慈善的傳統,影響延續至今,也標誌着殖民政府開始借重華人領袖維持社會秩序。

English

MacDonnell's experiment of first legalising and then banning gambling became an important lesson for how Hong Kong later handled gambling and public order; the Tung Wah Hospital he backed created a tradition of Chinese-run medical and charitable work that endures, and marked the colonial government's growing reliance on Chinese leaders to keep social order.

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