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《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況(人口) Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/1644#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·總述 大事記》(公元前 5000 年至 2017 年,共 6,500 多條大事) Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events)
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute (2020). Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events) (p. 〈頁碼〉). /chronicle/archive/1648#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》自然環境 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/1688#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/1688#〈條目編號〉
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In 1644, the seventeenth year of the Chongzhen reign of the Ming dynasty, Beijing was occupied by Qing forces and the Qing dynasty adopted the Shunzhi era name; meanwhile the south remained under the Southern Ming regime, and the Hong Kong area fell under the Southern Ming's Xin'an County.
According to records, during the Shunzhi period of the Qing dynasty from 1644 to 1661, Xin'an County had 2,966 households and a ding population of 6,851.
During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1644 to 1661, Xin'an County initially registered a ding population of 6,851, but after two rounds of the coastal evacuation only 2,172 ding remained.
In 1648, the fifth year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing, Li Chengdong turned against the Qing and welcomed the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming into Guangdong, and Xin'an County returned to Southern Ming rule.
In 1648, the fifth year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing dynasty, a severe epidemic broke out in Xin'an County along with bandit looting, and more than half the local residents died, with some villages having no survivors at all.
In 1648, the Xin'an County suffered a great famine, and the price of rice rose to one tael and two mace of silver per dou; epidemics also spread as a result, causing numerous commoners to lose their lives and cases of theft to appear continuously.
In the sixth year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing dynasty (1649), Li Chengdong was defeated and killed, after which the Hong Kong area came again under the jurisdiction of Xin'an County of Guangzhou Prefecture in the Qing dynasty.
In 1661, the 18th year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing dynasty, the imperial court issued the boundary evacuation order, abolishing Xin'an County and forcing the local people to relocate 50 li inland.
During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, among the 225 villages in the "Fifth Capital" and "Sixth Capital" of Xin'an County, more than 100 were located in Hong Kong.
In September 1663, the Qing government sent officials to survey the Guangdong border and determine the areas for the second evacuation, which included 24 villages in total along the eastern and western routes of Xinan County.
In the 2nd year of Kangxi (1663), Governor Lu Chongjun, in view of the considerable number of people already relocated within the territory, petitioned the imperial court to exempt the remaining further relocations, and ultimately only 24 villages in the eastern and western routes were included in the relocation.
In 1664, the 3rd year of Kangxi, as the boundary evacuation order had long been in force and people were forced to leave their homes with their livelihoods cut off, some families soaked poisonous herbs in water and drank it together to end their lives collectively.
Between February and March 1664, a comet was recorded in the southwest direction in Xinan County; in the spring and summer of the same year, the county suffered a drought.
In the third year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing (1664), the registered ding of Xin'an County was 2,172, a figure recorded after the implementation of the boundary evacuation policy.
In 1666, the 5th year of Kangxi of the Qing dynasty, the imperial court ordered the people of Xin'an County to move inland, abolished Xin'an County, and placed its territory under Dongguan County.
On 20 November 1666, a comet was recorded appearing in the southeast within Xinan County, with a tail extending several zhang and shaped like a long rainbow.
Between the eighth and ninth months of the sixth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing, violent wind and rain occurred within the former territory of Xinan County.
Between July and August 1669, the Qing government re-established the administrative office in Xinan County, whose jurisdiction covered the Hong Kong area, and the first person to serve as county magistrate after the lifting of the border ban was Li Kecheng from Tieling in Liaodong.
In 1669, the 8th year of Kangxi, after the Qing dynasty lifted the boundary evacuation order and restored the boundary, Xin'an County was re-established under Guangzhou Prefecture.
In the 8th year of Kangxi of the Qing dynasty (1669), a typhoon struck, with strong winds causing people's houses to collapse and heavy rain flooding crops and livestock in the fields.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty records that between 1669 and 1671 (the 8th to 10th years of Kangxi), the government recruited a total of 1,648 adult males and registered 1,501 persons liable for salt tax.
On 28 July 1669, three tornadoes formed in the western part of the former Xinan County area and later moved to the south of the old county town, causing many houses to be damaged.
In 1670, Li Kecheng took up the post of Xinan county magistrate and immediately set about encouraging the people to return and settle in the county and to cultivate the barren farmland.
On the 21st day of the 6th month of the 12th year of the Kangxi reign, Xin'an County was struck by a typhoon that caused sea levels to rise sharply, flooding houses and crops, prompting magistrate Li Kecheng to write a wind-sacrifice text to perform the ritual.
In 1677 (the 16th year of the Kangxi reign), a typhoon struck, causing damage to dwellings and other buildings, while heavy rain flooded crops and livestock.
During the seventh and eighth months of the 19th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, someone in Xin'an County observed a comet in the western sky, and the celestial body remained visible for several months before finally disappearing.
After the evacuation and boundary restoration, the population of Xin'an County recovered to 4,525 ding in the 20th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1681).
In the autumn of the 25th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, Xin'an County suffered a severe drought that greatly reduced agricultural harvests.
From the 25th year of the Kangxi reign to the 9th year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing dynasty (1686 to 1731), the number of ding and kou recorded in Xin'an County was 7,289.
Between the 25th year of the Kangxi reign and the 9th year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing dynasty (1686 to 1731), Xin'an County registered a total of 5,646 male ding and recorded 1,643 female kou.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer was completed in 1688 during the Kangxi reign, recording three markets in the Hong Kong area: Tai Kiu Tun Market, established on the west bank of the Yuen Long River mouth and moved to Yuen Long Market in the 8th year of Kangxi; Tin Kong Market, located in today's Sheung Shui area; and Tai Po Tau Market, corresponding to today's Tai Po Old Market.
In 1688, Kam Tin jinshi Tang Man-wai participated in the revision of the Xin'an County Gazetteer overseen by Xin'an magistrate Jin Wenmo; the gazetteer comprises 13 volumes and is still preserved today.
In 1688, the Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled during the Kangxi reign included 'Ngo Yeung Kam Pok' (today's Waterfall Bay) and 'Pui To Sim Chung' (today's Castle Peak) within Hong Kong's territory among the Eight Scenes of Xin'an, making them two of the eight scenes.
In the "Molluscs" section of the Xin'an County Gazetteer published in 1688 (Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty), only one species of echinoderm, the sea urchin, was recorded.
In the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, about half of the 146 villages of the sixth du were located within present-day Hong Kong, including Sha Tin, Tai Po and the North District.
In the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, most of the 79 villages of the fifth du were located within present-day Hong Kong, covering Hong Kong Island, the districts of Kowloon and the outlying islands, Sha Tin, Sai Kung, Kwai Chung, Tsuen Wan, Yuen Long and Tuen Mun.
In the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, Xin'an County's first du governed 20 villages, the second du 25 villages, the third du 70 villages, the fourth du 53 villages, the fifth du 79 villages, the sixth du 146 villages, and the seventh du 116 villages.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer of the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, the area under the jurisdiction of Xin'an County was divided into three xiang and seven du, with fifty-seven tu, and the number of villages was nearly 509.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1688) includes python gall, that is, the gall of the python, in its medicine category.
A county gazetteer published in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1688) records in its products section a large soft-shelled turtle, with the Chinese name "黿".
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態(香港地方志中心) · p.326
引用名稱作品 《新安縣志》("Xin'an County Gazetteer")、學名 Pelochelys cantorii
In the Xin'an County Gazetteer published during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1688), the section on scaled creatures recorded fifty or more names of fish.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1688) classifies plants under several categories, covering rice, wheat, pulses and vegetables, among which the vegetable category records 41 species of plants.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty (1688) includes various molluscs such as octopus, oysters and sand clams.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled in 1688 during the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty already contains records of the field frog (i.e. the tiger frog).
In 1688 (the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty), the Fifth Du of Yanfu Township and the Sixth Du of Guicheng Township in Xin'an County covered most places within Hong Kong.
In the 36th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, the Fifth Du of Xin'an County was transferred from Yanfu Township to the administration of Ende Township.
The 1697 Guangdong Tongzhi records that Xin'an County was divided into three townships and seven du, with Ende Township administering the First, Second, Third and Fifth Du, Yanfu Township administering the Fourth Du, and Guicheng Township administering the Sixth and Seventh Du.
In 1697, the 36th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, most areas within Hong Kong fell under the Fifth Du of Ende Township and the Sixth Du of Guicheng Township.
In 1710, the 49th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, Tang Chun-yuen of Kam Tin built the Pin Mo Bridge, and his act of filial piety was recorded in the Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled during the Jiaqing reign.
The Qing government recruited Hakka farmers from Huizhou, Chaozhou and Jiayingzhou in Guangdong and from Jiangxi and Fujian to Xin'an County, allowing them to cultivate official wasteland tax-free; this tax exemption remained in force until the 1st year of the Qianlong reign (1736), after which taxes were resumed.
Between 1739 and 1767, the 4th to 32nd years of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty, the So and Lee clans of Xin'an County moved to Cheung Sha Wan and settled there, founding So Uk Village and Lee Uk Village respectively.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, on the night of the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in 1757 frost fell to a depth of one chi, and rice prices were high that year.
The attached map in the Guangzhou Prefecture Gazetteer marks Dabu Tou Village beside Guicheng Township Sixth Du, and Jintian Village beside Ende Township Fifth Du.
The Guangzhou Prefecture Gazetteer, published in the 24th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty, records that the territory covered by the Fifth Du of Ende Township included Tai Mo Shan, Sheung Yue Ling, Lung Yeuk Ling and Lak Ma Chau.
According to the Guangzhou Prefecture Gazetteer published in 1759, the jurisdiction of the Fifth Du of Ende Township covered Tai Mo Shan, Sheung Yue Ling, Lung Yeuk Ling and Lak Ma Chau.
According to the map accompanying the Guangzhou Prefecture Gazetteer of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty, Tai Po Tau Village was marked near the Sixth Du of Guicheng Township, while Kam Tin Village was marked near the Fifth Du of Ende Township.
In 1759, the 24th year of the Qianlong reign, the administrative divisions of the area where Hong Kong is located still fell respectively under the Fifth Du of Ende Township and the Sixth Du of Guicheng Township.
In 1759, the 24th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty, the administrative divisions in the present-day Hong Kong area still fell under the Fifth Du of Ende Township and the Sixth Du of Guicheng Township.
On 17 September 1760, Xin'an County was struck by a typhoon, this being the ninth day of the eighth month of the 25th year of the Qianlong era of the Qing.
An earthquake occurred in Xin'an County on 2 September 1770, which by Qing reign reckoning was the 35th year of the Qianlong reign and the thirteenth day of the seventh lunar month.
In 1772, Xin'an County had 21,121 male persons and 9,252 female persons of civil and salt-boiler registration, and 1,356 male persons and 465 female persons of tun households.
In the 37th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty (1772), large numbers of wolves and tigers appeared in Xin'an County, causing many injuries.
Between the 37th year of the Qianlong reign and the 23rd year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty (1772–1818), among the residents of Xin'an County, the civil and salt-boiler registrations formed the vast majority, with the two categories combined accounting for a very high proportion.
Between the 38th year of the Qianlong reign and the 23rd year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty (1773–1818), statistics for Xin'an County show a male population of 146,922 and a female population of 79,057.
In 1777 and 1778, the 42nd and 43rd years of the Qianlong reign (Qing), Xin'an County suffered severe droughts for two consecutive years, causing rice prices to soar and many residents to die.
In 1786 (the 51st year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty), Xin'an County was struck by locusts, causing a sharp drop in rice production; in the autumn and winter of the same year the county also suffered drought, resulting in a severe famine.
In the 52nd year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty (1787), Xin'an County suffered a severe drought, rice prices rose to one silver dollar per dou, and many people died.
In the 54th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty (1789), Tang Ying-yuen of Kam Tin passed the jiyou special military provincial examination as a juren; in the 24th year of the Jiaqing reign (1819), he funded the compilation of the Xin'an County Gazetteer.
From July to August 1797, during the intercalary sixth month of the second year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, Xin'an County was hit by four consecutive typhoons, causing extensive damage to trees and houses.
In the seventh year of the Jiaqing reign (1802), the Guangzhou Prefectural School was allocated quotas for Hakka students by the Qing government, enabling the Hakkas of Xin'an County to obtain qualifications for their descendants to sit the imperial examinations.
On 4 April 1802, corresponding to the third day of the third month of the seventh year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, a white rainbow pierced the sun in the sky over Xin'an County.
From February to April 1804, i.e., the first and second months of the ninth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, Xin'an County experienced continuous rain, causing salt prices to rise to twelve silver dollars per hundred catties.
On 23 September 1805, corresponding to the first day of the eighth month of the tenth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, heavy rain fell in Xin'an County, subsequently causing flooding.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled in the Jiaqing period of the Qing, on the tenth and eleventh days of the second lunar month of 1807, hail fell in the Kowloon and Ho Chung areas, killing many cattle.
In the 18th year of the Jiaqing reign (1813), Tang Tai-hung of Kam Tin obtained the juren degree in the guiyou military provincial examination; in the 24th year of the Jiaqing reign (1819), he took part in compiling the Xin'an County Gazetteer.
The Jiaqing edition of the Xin'an County Gazetteer (1819) records various molluscs and provides brief descriptions of their form, habits and economic value.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer was completed during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty (1819) and records that jellyfish were produced in the waters around Hong Kong and were pickled by merchants in summer for sale, known as hai zhe.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer, published in 1819 during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, classifies the horseshoe crab under the 'shellfish' section and describes its morphology and habits, making it the earliest known study record of the horseshoe crab.
In 1819 (the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing), the Hong Kong area, except for Tung Ping Chau, was under the jurisdiction of the Guanfu Inspection Office of Xin'an County.
The Jiaqing Xin'an County Gazetteer of the Qing dynasty, published in 1819, lists the characteristics and uses of seaweeds, birds, beasts, fish, marine products and honey.
The Jiaqing Xin'an County Gazetteer of the Qing dynasty, published in 1819, includes an entry on the sandworm, describing its appearance, habitat and edible taste.
According to the Jiaqing Xin'an County Gazetteer of the Qing dynasty published in 1819, the python had multiple uses: its meat was edible, its skin could be made into drums and other musical instruments, and its gall bladder could be used in medicines for bruises.
According to the 1819 Jiaqing edition of the Xin'an County Gazetteer, records relating to the beekeeping industry had already been made at that time, and it also described how local residents cut bamboo branches to weave cages for keeping bee colonies and harvesting honey.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer published in 1819 during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, six species of terrestrial mammals and three species of marine mammals were recorded within Xin'an County at that time.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer published in 1819 during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, the book describes the taste of sandworms, which confirms that sandworms were formerly eaten by Hong Kong fishermen.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer published during the Jiaqing reign, i.e. 1819, records of the beekeeping industry already existed at that time.
According to the Xin'an County Gazetteer compiled during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, Xin'an County had 579 villages of local origin and 275 villages of Hakka origin.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published in the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign (1819) records four market towns within Hong Kong: Yuen Long Market, which was relocated from Tai Kiu Tun Market and is now Yuen Long Old Market; Shek Wu Market, which was relocated from Tin Kong Market and is now Sheung Shui; Tai Po Market, also called Tai Po Tau Market, which is now Tai Po Old Market; and Cheung Chau Market.
During the Jiaqing reign, the area of present-day Ping Chau in the New Territories was under the jurisdiction of the deputy magistrate of Xin'an County.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published in 1819 during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty records a variety of plants under the categories of grains, vegetables, tea, fruits, flowers, grasses, trees, bamboo and rattans, with brief descriptions of their distribution and morphology.
The Jiaqing edition of the Xin'an County Gazetteer was published in 1819, and its section on products lists six items under the category of birds: river gull, huo ji, dou dou que, hwamei, quail and francolin.
In the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty (1819), the compilation of the Xin'an County Gazetteer was completed, consisting of 24 volumes, with Xin'an County Magistrate Shu Maoguan as chief compiler and Wang Chongxi as chief editor; this gazetteer has been handed down to the present day.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer published in 1819 during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty includes records of crabs and shrimps, covering their morphology, habits, behaviour and taste.
The Xin'an County Gazetteer of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty, completed in 1819, includes only 'rock honey' among bees in its 'insects' section, together with descriptions of its appearance, habits and economic uses.
The above villages were administered separately by four units: the Guanfu Office, the Fuyong Office, the County Assistant Magistrate and the Registrar.
Among the county's total of 854 villages, 492 were administered by the Guanfu Office, and about two-thirds of these were within the territory of Hong Kong.
Since the completion of the Xin'an County Gazetteer in 1819 (the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign of the Qing dynasty), for nearly two hundred years thereafter, no further gazetteer compilation was initiated in the Hong Kong region, resulting in a long period of absence in this regard.
On 3 February 1836 (the tenth day of the first month of the sixteenth year of the Daoguang reign of the Qing), subordinates of Guan Tianpei, naval commander of Guangdong, discovered that Chen Yaxin, a shopkeeper of the Tong Hop store at Tai O Chung, had privately manufactured four cannon, and thereupon sent a document to Xin'an County urging the arrest of Chen.